Design and modelling of variability tolerant on-chip communication structures for future high performance system on chip designs

The incessant technology scaling has enabled the integration of functionally complex System-on-Chip (SoC) designs with a large number of heterogeneous systems on a single chip. The processing elements on these chips are integrated through on-chip communication structures which provide the infrastructure necessary for the exchange of data and control signals, while meeting the strenuous physical and design constraints. The use of vast amounts of on chip communications will be central to future designs where variability is an inherent characteristic. For this reason, in this thesis we investigate the performance and variability tolerance of typical on-chip communication structures. Understanding of the relationship between variability and communication is paramount for the designers; i.e. to devise new methods and techniques for designing performance and power efficient communication circuits in the forefront of challenges presented by deep sub-micron (DSM) technologies. The initial part of this work investigates the impact of device variability due to Random Dopant Fluctuations (RDF) on the timing characteristics of basic communication elements. The characterization data so obtained can be used to estimate the performance and failure probability of simple links through the methodology proposed in this work. For the Statistical Static Timing Analysis (SSTA) of larger circuits, a method for accurate estimation of the probability density functions of different circuit parameters is proposed. Moreover, its significance on pipelined circuits is highlighted. Power and area are one of the most important design metrics for any integrated circuit (IC) design. This thesis emphasises the consideration of communication reliability while optimizing for power and area. A methodology has been proposed for the simultaneous optimization of performance, area, power and delay variability for a repeater inserted interconnect. Similarly for multi-bit parallel links, bandwidth driven optimizations have also been performed. Power and area efficient semi-serial links, less vulnerable to delay variations than the corresponding fully parallel links are introduced. Furthermore, due to technology scaling, the coupling noise between the link lines has become an important issue. With ever decreasing supply voltages, and the corresponding reduction in noise margins, severe challenges are introduced for performing timing verification in the presence of variability. For this reason an accurate model for crosstalk noise in an interconnection as a function of time and skew is introduced in this work. This model can be used for the identification of skew condition that gives maximum delay noise, and also for efficient design verification

Microbial β-Glucosidase: sources, production and applications

Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer in biosphere and the major constituent of plant biomass. Cellulose polymer is made up of β-glucose units linked by β-glucosidic bonds. Cellulase is an enzymatic system that catalyzes the hydrolysis of cellulose polymer to glucose monomers. This enzymatic system consists of three individual enzymes namely endoglucanase, exoglucanase and β-glucosidase which act synergistically to degrade cellulose molecules into glucose. Cellulases are produced by bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals and used in many industrial applications such as textile industries, laundry and detergent industries, paper and pulp industry, animal feeds, and biofuels production. β-Glucosidase is a diverse group of enzymes with wide distribution in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals and has the potential to be utilized in various biotechnological processes such as biofuel production, isoflavone hydrolysis, flavor enhancement and alkyl/aryl β-D-glucoside and oligosaccharides synthesis. Thus, there is increased demand of β-glucosidase production from microbial sources under profitable industrial conditions. In this review, β-glucosidase classification, localization, and mechanism of action will be described. Subsequently, the various sources of β-glucosidase for industrial sector will be discussed. Moreover, Fermentation methods and various parameters affecting β-glucosidase production will be highlighted on the light of recent findings of different researchers. Finally, β-glucosidase applications in biofuel production, flavors enhancement, isoflavones hydrolysis, cassava detoxification and oligosaccharide synthesis will be described

Characterization of thermophilic β-Glucosidase of rhizospheric bacterial strain (LSKB15) isolated from Cholistan Desert, Pakistan

Fifty thermophilic bacterial strains isolated from rhizospheric soil of Cholistan desert, Pakistan, and designated as LSKB01-LSKB50 were screened for β-glucosidase gene (bgl) belonging to glycoside hydrolase family 1 (GH 1) using PCR technique. Subsequently, the same strains were screened for extracellular β-glucosidase production using esculin as substrate. All fifty strains were shown to be amplified for conserved region of bgl gene and to secrete extracellular β-glucosidase. One strain (LSKB15) secreted relative high amount of this enzyme as indicating by size of ferric-esculetin precipitate. This strain was further cultivated on cellulose containing media and β-glucosidase was purified by ammonium sulfate, dialysis and gel filtration chromatography. The purified enzyme showed an optimal temperature of 60°C and an optimal pH of 7. It also showed excellent temperature and pH stability retaining > 90% activity after incubation for 2 h at pH 5-8 and 40-60°C. Finally, the purified enzyme was run on Native-PAGE and subsequently incubated in phosphate buffer containing 5 mM of 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucoside (4-MUG) for 15 min at 50°C and visualized by UV light as white band. We concluded that thermophilic LSKB15 β- glucosidase may work with other cellulase to degrade available cellulose synthesized by plant and the properties exhibited by it such as high temperature and pH stability pointed out its potential industrial importance

Microbial β-Glucosidases: screening, characterization, cloning and applications

Cellulose is the most abundant biomaterial in the biosphere and the major component of plant biomass. Cellulase is an enzymatic system required for conversion of renewable cellulose biomass into free sugar for subsequent use in different applications. Cellulase system mainly consists of three individual enzymes namely: endoglucanase, exoglucanase and β-glucosidases. β-Glucosidases are ubiquitous enzymes found in all living organisms with great biological significance. β-Glucosidases have also tremendous biotechnological applications such as biofuel production, beverage industry, food industry, cassava detoxification and oligosaccharides synthesis. Microbial β-glucosidases are preferred for industrial uses because of robust activity and novel properties exhibited by them. This review aims at describing the various biochemical methods used for screening and evaluating β-glucosidases activity from microbial sources. Subsequently, it generally highlights techniques used for purification of β-glucosidases. It then elaborates various biochemical and molecular properties of this valuable enzyme such as pH and temperature optima, glucose tolerance, substrate specificity, molecular weight, and multiplicity. Furthermore, it describes molecular cloning and expression of bacterial, fungal and metagenomic β-glucosidases. Finally, it highlights the potential biotechnological applications of β-glucosidases

ATTITUDE TOWARDS FEMALE STUDENT PARTICIPATION IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND COMPETITIVE SPORTS IN DEGREE GIRLS COLLEGES

Sports are generally opted either for the sake of recreation or for thecompetition or for achieving both the purposes at the same time. Competitivesports are played from amateur level of university competitions to theprofessional levels of regional, provisional, national and internationalcompetitions. The data was collected through Questionnaire that is “Attitudetowards female Students participation in Physical Education and Competitivesports (ATFSPPECS)”; the sample of study is comprised of 239 subjects,Female students of Government Girls Degree Colleges Hyderabad B.Sc.,B.Com, B.Cs, BA-I,II (N=180), Female Sports Directress(N=09),Parents(N=50). When laying out the plan or set of strategies for attractinggirls towards taking a part in sports or physical activities regularly, whatshould be kept in the mind is that the problem does not lie in the gender of theparticipant, lesser resources and deficient training and practicingopportunities are the real problems. The activities are not constructedappropriately and are not taught in the proper way and this is one of the bigproblems as well

ASSESSING THE INCLINATION OF UNDERGRADUATE’S JHANG STUDENT TO THE PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AND SPORTS

Objectives: Assessing the Inclination of undergraduate’s Jhang student to thePhysical Activities and sports. In instructive organizations requirement toinspire the scholars to join in physical events and sports. Physical education,health and sports science is an important part of schooling. Persons are fullystrain, depressive and nervousness during lifecycle. So, people need to regulartake part in physical events and sports. Method: A simple questionnairesurvey method had applied and used a random sampling technique to collectthe study information of 200 subjects from selected four institutesundergraduate’s Jhang student. The variables of the study were physicalactivities as esthetic practices, societal skills and healthiness & wellbeing hasrich perception in the inclination of undergraduate’s student study. Results:The results of consistency were found for healthiness & wellbeing 0.828,social knowledge 0.817 and an Esthetic experience 0.712. The total overall200 subject Cronbach’s alpha significance was 0.831 of both genders.Conclusion: The overall inclination to the selected variables was important.Undergraduate’s student was cognizant of the profits of physical activities andsports, healthiness and wellbeing for their esthetic practice to remainwellbeing in life

Production and Characterization of Xylanase from \u3cem\u3eAspergillus niger\u3c/em\u3e using Wheat Bran, Corn Cobs, and Sugar Cane Bagasse as Carbon Sources with Different Concentrations

Xylanases are enzymes that degrade Xylan, a hemicellulose found in plant cell walls, into Xylose. They are a very important class of enzymes to be used in paper and pulp industry. Removal of lignin from paper and pulp by Chlorine and its compounds have caused a serious problem in the environment. Delignification of lignin by Xylanase is an alternative approach that is environmentally friendly. The present research was conducted to produce and characterize Xylanase from the fungus Aspergillus niger using agricultural wastes/byproducts like corn cobs, wheat bran and sugar cane bagasse with different concentrations. Submerged fermentation was carried out in 250ml Erlenmeyer flasks using Vogel’s medium at 37oC. Culture conditions like pH, temperature, incubation time and concentration of carbon sources were optimized to achieve maximum Xylanase production. Molecular weight was determined by SDS-PAGE to be 27.2KDa. It was revealed that the pH and thermal stability of Xylanase is very important for it to be used in industry

Effect of natural growth promoters on immunity, and biochemical and haematological parameters of broiler chickens

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy of promising alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters (organic acids, phytobiotics, and their combinations) as feed additives in poultry feed.Methods: Different feed treatments were formulated with organic acids, phytobiotics and their combinations, and their effects on blood profile, serum enzymes and immunity parameters were evaluated in broilers at 21 and 42 days of age.Results: Cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL levels of the 21- and 42-day old broilers were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by the feed additives. The effect of albumin and albumin/globulin ratios varied significantly (p < 0.05) from that of the control group at 42 days of age. Haematological analysis did not show significant changes (p > 0.05) in parameters except hematocrit, RBC, MCH, MCHC, WBC at age 21 days. However, among the serum enzymes assayed, only gamma-glutamyl transferase activity was altered for the modified feed group.Conclusion: These results suggest that supplementation with organic acids and phytobiotics can be used as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters without interfering with the overall health and performance of broilers.Keywords: Broilers, Antibiotic growth promoters, Phytobiotics, Organic acids, Biochemical parameter

Synthesis of novel cyanoacetamides derivatives and their urease inhibition studies

The present study reports a convenient approach for the synthesis of cyanoacetamide based derivatives (7-27) via two-step process involving Knoevenagel reaction, followed by three component reaction to avail desired compounds. All the synthesized compounds were obtained in good to excellent yield and extensively characterized employing 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectrometry and physical parameters. Further, these compounds were screened for urease inhibition. All of the synthesized compounds exhibited good to excellent urease activity notably compound 15 and 19 showed excellent urease inhibition activity with IC50 value ~17.34 μg/mL and 36.75 μg/mL in comparison to thiourea (used as standard) having IC50 value ~27.5 μg/mL

Dietary treatment with omega fatty acids mediates in vitro rumen fermentation kinetics and reduce methane emission in water buffalo

Purpose: To investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of two omega fatty acids on in vitro rumen  fermentation, microbial populations, total gas and methane (CH4) production．Methods: Both linoleic and linolenic acids were supplemented at 0 (control), 1, 3, 5 and 7 % of dry matter (DM) in a ration with a high roughage to concentrate ratio (70: 30). Total gas and CH4  were measured at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h of fermentation while pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentrations were measured at 24 h using buffalo rumen fluid in an in vitro batch culture system. Microbial populations were determined using 16S-rDNA gene primers by RT-PCR.Results: The results revealed that linoleic acid at 3, 5 and 7 % decreased the concentration of NH3-N (p< 0.05) but linolenic acid at 5 and 7 % increased NH3-N (p < 0.05). A linear decrease (p <0.001) in acetate and butyrate, coupled with linear increase (p <0.001) in propionate was observed in response to treatment. Furthermore, supplementation of 3, 5 and 7 % of both fatty acids linearly (p < 0.001) decreased total gas and CH4 production when compared to the control. The addition of linoleic acid linearly (p < 0.001) decreased the number of protozoa without affecting methanogens, while linolenic acid linearly and quadratically (p < 0.001) reduced the population of both protozoa and methanogens (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Linolenic acid is more effective at a 3 % level in reducing methane production (up to 63 %) in high roughage diets